آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے
حرف صحیح s
IPA
Examples
English approximation
ʔ
anh (pronounced before a vowel)
butt on (glottal stop)
ɓ
b a [ʔb]
almost like b ee
c ~tɕ
ch è (Saigon final [t ] after e/i/y [1] )
ch eese (unaspirated)
ɗ
đ i [ʔd]
almost like d ay
f
ph ở
f ight
h
h àng
h igh
j
tây ; mai (may follow all vowels but e/i/y [1] )
y ellow
k
c ô, k em
sk y
l
l à
l ow
m
m ai
m y
n
n am (Saigon final [ŋ ] after a/o/u [2] )
n o
ɲ
nh à (Saigon final [n ] after after e/i/y [1] )
roughly like sing ing
ŋ
ng am (before a/o/u [2] ); ngh e (before e/i/y [1] )
sing er
p
đáp
sp ort
s
x a
s o
ʂ
s ao (Hanoi [s ] )
almost like sh ow
t
t ây (Saigon final [k ] after o/u [2] )
st op
tʰ
th ầy
t op
ʈʂ
tr a [ʈ ] (Hanoi c ~tɕ )
almost like ch oose (unaspirated)
v
v ề ([j ] in informal Southern Vietnamese)
v an
w
câu ; o anh (Hanoi initial [ʔw] ) (may follow all vowels but a/o/u [2] )
w e
x
kh ô (Saigon [kʰ ] )
loch (Scottish English)
ɣ
g a (before a/o/u [2] ); gh ế (before e/i/y [1] )
No English equivalent ; amig o in Spanish
z
d a; gi à (Saigon [j ] )
z ero
ʐ
r a (Hanoi [z ] , Saigon could be [ɹ ] )
almost like pleas ure
Monophthong s
IPA
Examples
English approximation
ă
ă n; a nh
almost like cu t
a
ba [3]
between ca t and fa ther
e
về
almost like si t
ɛ
xe
se t
ə̆
â n; bê nh
perso n
ɤ
bơ [ɤː ]
almost like sir (British English)
i
khi ; quy
see
ɯ
tư
No English equivalent ; unrounded [u]
o
cô
almost like goo d
ɔ
có ; xoo ng
law
u
ru
too
Diphthong s
IPA
Examples
English approximation
iə
viê n, bia
beer (British English)
ɯə
xươ ng, chưa
No English equivalent
uə
uố ng, mua
sure (British English)
ʷ
(see /w/ above)
w e
Tone s
IPA
Examples
a ə
a (Hanoi [˧] , Saigon [˧] )
â ə̂
à (Hanoi [˨˩] , Saigon [˨˩] )
ǎ ə̌
á (Hanoi [˧˥] , Saigon [˧˥] )
a᷉ ə᷉ [4]
ả (Hanoi [˧˩] , Saigon [˧˩˧] )
ǎˀ ə̌ˀ
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥] , Saigon [˧˩˧] )
âˀ ə̂ˀ
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩ʔ] , Saigon [˨˧] )
ə́k [5]
ấc (Hanoi [˦˥] , Saigon [˦˥] )
ə̀k [5]
ậc (Hanoi [˩] , Saigon [˩] )
^ ا ب پ ت ٹ The front vowel s ([i ] , [e ] , [ɛ ] , [j ] ) which are based on the letters e, i, and y.
^ ا ب پ ت ٹ The non-front vowels, which are based on the letters a, o, and u.
↑ /aː/ may be pronounced [æ ] .
↑ This is a dipping tone. It looks similar to ã ə̃ ([ ̃ ] (nasalized mark). The dipping tone differs only in being angular in shape, but is not widely supported by IPA fonts.
^ ا ب Before a final /p, t, c, k/, the six tones of Vietnamese are reduced to two.